Crypto is at an inflection point. On-chain finance, institutional RWA adoption, and AI agents are pushing blockchain infrastructure to its limits. Ethereum struggles with single-digit TPS, and even Solana falls short of global-scale demands.

Scalability is web3’s defining challenge. Rollups, modular vs. monolithic debates - none truly solve the fundamental issue. To rival Visa’s 65,000 TPS and genuinely unlock AI, gaming, and DeFi at scale, incremental upgrades aren’t enough. Crypto needs a leap—not just an upgrade. A 1MM TPS blockchain isn’t merely desirable; it’s inevitable and essential for the future we’re building.

Why 1MM TPS?

• AI & Smart Contracts: Real-time, on-chain AI without bottlenecks.

• Global Payments: Visa-level throughput for stablecoin adoption.

• On-Chain Gaming: Millions of players, zero lag.

Solana proved speed matters, but even 100x Ethereum isn’t enough. The next leap, 100x faster than Solana, demands a hardware-accelerated architecture built from scratch.

This is InfiniSVM, a blockchain designed to scale beyond 1MM TPS. Here’s how.

New Blockchain Hardware Architecture for 1M TPS

Expanding Network Bandwidth

Processing 1M TPS requires immense network throughput. A simple calculation illustrates this.

• Assumed a transaction size: 1KB

• 1M TPS × 1KB = 1GB/s (8 Gbps)

• Considering a 10x overhead for leader-validator data broadcasting: 80–100 Gbps required

Traditional blockchain’s 1 Gbps internet infrastructure cannot sustain this demand. Instead, a proper hardware system must be utilized to process large-scale data with ultra-low latency, ensuring high-speed node-to-node communication.

Multi-Executor Model

Historically, blockchain nodes processed transactions using a single-machine architecture. However, handling 1M TPS requires a shift to a multi-executor model.

• Rack-Level Node Operations: A single node consists of multiple machines.

• Ultra-Low Latency Data Sharing: RDMA enables near-instantaneous data transfer between machines within a node by bypassing the traditional OS network stack, significantly reducing CPU overhead.

• Parallel Transaction Execution: Multiple executors run transactions in parallel, leveraging speculative execution to minimize reprocessing overhead.

This eliminates sequential bottlenecks and maximizes parallel processing efficiency.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for Transaction Routing

To reduce network bottlenecks, software-defined networking (SDN) dynamically optimizes transaction processing paths.

• Programmable Match-Action Pipelines: Optimize transaction routing at the network level.

• Real-Time Traffic Redirection & Load Balancing: Prevent congestion.

• Optimized Path Selection: Simple transactions follow an accelerated path, while complex state-updating transactions are processed separately.

SDN ensures network performance scales efficiently as transaction volume increases.

A New Consensus Mechanism: Mega Leader & Provers (PoAS)

Traditional Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus models face bottlenecks in a 1M TPS environment. Solayer introduces a hybrid Proof of Authority + Proof of Stake (PoAS) model.

• Mega Leader (Sequencer)

• A trusted authority aggregates large volumes of transactions into blocks.

• This dramatically accelerates block production (PoA-based).

• Provers (Verifiers)

• Decentralized validators verify blocks and maintain security using PoS.

• Fallback Solana Consensus

• If a Mega Leader acts maliciously, a new leader is elected on Solana.

This dual-validation model separates block production and verification, boosting both throughput and security.

Signature Verification Offloading

A major bottleneck in high-performance blockchains like Solana is signature verification, consuming over 50% of CPU resources. InfiniSVM also offloads this process to GPUs or FPGAs, enabling massive parallel verification.

• Ed25519 signature verification offloaded to GPU/FPGA

• Parallel computation increases processing speed by 100x

• CPU load reduction improves overall node efficiency

• Winter-Holt Double Exponential Smoothing optimizes transaction execution predictions

By leveraging hardware acceleration, InfiniSVM significantly reduces signature verification latency.

How InfiniSVM Differs from Layer 2 Solutions

• Ethereum L2

• Every transaction requires a unique Chain ID in its signature.

• Users must switch networks and sign additional transactions.

• Solana & InfiniSVM

• No Chain ID required

• Users can interact with InfiniSVM without switching networks.

• Solana & InfiniSVM can send TX to each as one chain experience.

Seamless UX with InfiniSVM

• Eliminates bridging complexities.

• Compatible with Solana wallets (e.g., Phantom, Backpack).

• Enables instant transactions without additional signatures.

By removing the need for network switching, InfiniSVM minimizes user friction and enhances accessibility.

The Future of Blockchain: Scaling to 1MM TPS with InfiniSVM

A 1MM TPS blockchain isn’t just about speed, it’s about unlocking internet-scale decentralisation without compromising security. It transforms blockchain from primarily speculative use cases into a foundational layer for AI, gaming, finance, and beyond.

InfiniSVM is the first production blockchain to achieve this with hardware-accelerated architecture, ultra-low-latency networking (RDMA & InfiniBand), Multi-Executor parallel processing, and SDN-driven optimisations, delivering the highest throughput of any blockchain to date.

This isn’t an incremental improvement. InfiniSVM is a new paradigm in blockchain scaling, unlocking a new era of web3 where seamless UX meets extreme performance.